农业科研单位“收支两条线”资金和预算管理研究

引入财政收支两条线的管理概念,探索农业科研预算单位资金和预算管理模式,提出并分析了集中资金、统一收支、预算管理、内部协调的运行架构,以有效提升财务管理效果。     

水价博弈、体系构建和计价模型的设计——基于饮水安全的视角

中国是世界上13个贫水国之一,水资源短缺和饮水安全问题是政府和学术界长期关注的重要问题。近年来,与饮水安全和水务投资密切关联的水价问题成为社会普遍关注和热议的焦点。科学合理的水价是实现水资源优化配置和可持续发展的重要保障,也是实现和保障饮水安全的重要环节。该文基于饮水安全的视角,探讨了水价的多方博弈,提出水价具有保障饮水的经济功能,并结合水价形成机制,构建饮水安全水价保障体系,设计了以饮水安全保障为目标的水价计价模型。     

土党参多糖促进小鼠胃肠运动的初步研究

将KM小鼠分组后,分别灌胃给予土党参多糖(100、200、400 mg/kg)及生理盐水,连续给药30 d,以小鼠食物利用率、体重增重率、血清中D-木糖含量及小肠墨汁推进率为检测指标,考察土党参多糖对小鼠胃肠改善作用。结果表明:土党参多糖能够增加小鼠食物利用率及体重增重率,促进D-木糖吸收及明显增加胃肠抑制小鼠墨汁推进率,对小鼠胃肠运动有促进作用。     

阔叶林下人工更新红松幼树光合作用研究

利用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统,对天然次生林下、林缘、林窗环境中红松幼树的净光合速率进行测定,同时记录光合生理因子和环境因子。分析了林下、林缘、林窗不同条件下红松幼树的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、光能利用率、水分利用率日进程及其差异。结果表明：日平均气温林下〈林缘〈林窗;空气相对湿度林下〉林缘〉林窗;林窗阳面叶光合有效辐射呈单峰型曲线,阳面叶光合有效辐射最大值林窗〉林缘〉林下;红松幼树净光合速率阳面叶大于阴面叶,林窗处阳面叶净光合速率日变化呈单峰型曲线,林缘呈双峰型曲线,林下呈多峰型曲线,净光合速率最大值林窗〉林缘〉林下;红松阳面叶的光能利用率林下〉林缘〉林窗;红松阳面叶蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰型曲线,且蒸腾速率林窗〉林缘〉林下,阳面叶〉阴面叶;红松阳面叶水分利用率林下〉林窗〉林缘,阳面叶水分利用率〉阴面叶水分利用率。     

贵州不同经济发展地区土地集约利用研究

从贵州不同经济发展地区中选取代表样区,研究贵州土地集约利用变化规律,建立评价指标体系,通过多因素综合评判法对5个代表样区进行评价。结果表明,贵州土地集约利用水平普遍较低,综合分值除小河区达到0.9267外,其余地区均低于0.5;土地集约利用水平差异较大,综合分值最高的小河区和最低的沿河县相比,达5.73倍;土地利用经济效益在指标体系中权重值达0.4626,表明经济发展水平是导致土地集约用地水平差异的主要因素。     

WTO框架下粮食价格保险政策归属及其改进

通过目标价格保险解决粮食托市收购政策带来的财政压力大、贸易扭曲等问题是当前我国各级政府及学者重点关注的农业价格改革方案之一。以黑龙江省庆阳农场的目标价格保险条款为例展开分析,研究发现,仅覆盖产量风险的粮食目标价格保险属于WTO"黄箱"政策的范畴。对比分析江苏常州实为收入保险的"目标价格保险"条款,提出将粮食目标价格保险政策调整为涵盖粮食价格风险及产量风险的区域收入保险政策,此政策归属WTO"绿箱"政策,可以在减缓目标价格支持政策困境的同时,减轻WTO"黄箱"政策支持总量上限压力。为更好地分散农业风险、保障农户收入,提出以下政策建议:建立覆盖价格风险以及产量风险的区域收入保险制度;建立农业保险与农业补贴互补的农户收入保障机制;完善粮食收入保险参照价格建立标准。     

竹炭利用综合评述

根据目前国内外竹炭产业发展的状况,综述了竹炭应用现状。主要包括竹炭在农林畜牧业、医疗保健、环境保护等不同方面的应用,同时对竹炭的进一步研究和应用提出些建议和展望。     

村级公益事业建设村民参与意愿及其影响因素研究——基于苏南二镇的实地调查

以苏南二镇村级公益事业建设为例证,描述村民参与意愿现状特征,从公益项目客观层面和村民个体主观层面分别剖析村民参与公益事业建设意愿的影响因素,最后从扩大项目需求、培养认知意识、提升参与能力、增强参与效能等方面提出政策建议。     

Fisher's preferences and trade‐offs between management options

Failure to understand the potential responses of fishers to management measures creates a significant risk of revisiting the familiar scenario of perverse and unintended consequences of those measures. This paper reports on a choice experiment survey to evaluate fisher's preferences for various management measures proposed under the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) reform process, but the conclusions have wider relevance as similar measures are used by comparable fleets in fisheries globally. The survey was conducted with fishers involved in mixed pelagic and demersal fisheries in Ireland, pelagic fisheries in Denmark and demersal fisheries in Greece. Fisheries management policies were characterized by five attributes designed both to cover the principal CFP reform proposals and to integrate ecological, social, economic and institutional factors affecting fisher's decisions. The study uses a random utility modelling framework to reveal the preferences of the fishers across the alternative policy attributes. Results show that while there are generally preferences both for healthy stocks and for maintaining the importance of fishing to the local community, strong interfishery preference differences exist. These differences are most notable in relation to a discard ban and to the use of individual transferable fishing rights, favoured in Denmark, but not in Ireland for instance. The strength of these interfishery differences supports the assertion that there are no panaceas in fisheries management and that solutions should be tailored within the context of specific fisheries. Not doing so could create a significant risk of inappropriately managed fisheries that may lead to unsustainable outcomes.     

Effects of flood and drought events on multi‐species,multi‐method estuarine and coastal fisheries in eastern Australia

Abstract Multivariate patterns in commercial fisheries landings, effort and revenue from three adjacent estuarine and coastal systems were examined in eastern Australia between 9‐month periods of flood (September 2000–May 2001) and drought (September 2002–May 2003). Patterns in species landings, methods of fishing effort and revenue per species were significantly different between flood and drought. Spearman’s rank correlations between Bray–Curtis similarity matrices for landings, effort and revenue indicated that patterns in fisheries metrics represented a mixed signal of ecological response and fishers’ harvesting behaviour. Flood and drought events were associated with shifts in the species composition of landings that were reciprocated between estuarine and coastal systems. Estuarine migrant species (e.g. school prawn Metapenaeus macleayi Haswell) primarily contributed to landings during flood, whilst marine estuarine‐opportunist species (e.g. yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis Owen) primarily contributed to landings during drought. Flood and drought events redistributed fisheries resources between estuarine and coastal systems, modifying the bioeconomic productivity of commercial fisheries. Results indicated that flood and drought events influence commercial fisheries by modifying landings composition, fishers’ harvesting behaviour and revenue generation.